Grammar Unit 4

Unit 4:

We use reported speech to report what another person has said, without quoting their exact words.

Reported statements: tense changes

When we convert direct speech into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one step further into the past.

Direct Speech:

-Present simple (I go)

-Present continuous (I’m going)

-Present perfect simple (I have gone)

-Past simple (I went)

-Will (I will go)

-Can (I can go)

-Must (I must go)

 

Reported speech:

-Past simple (I went)

-Past continuous (I was going)

-Past perfect simple (I had gone)

-Past perfect simple (I had gone)

-Would (I would go)

-Could (I could go)

-Had to (I had to go) 

 

Reported statements: other changes

- Most modal verbs do not change.

- Pronouns usually change.

- Expressions of time and place usually change:

DIRECT SPEECH -Here -This -These -Now -Next week -Today -Tonight -Tomorrow -Yesterday -Last week

REPORTED SPEECH -There -That -Those -Then -The following week -That day -That night -The following day -The day before -The week before

 

 

Grammar Unit 3

Unit 3:

Complex Causes:

A complex cause gives us extra information about a sentence.
- Contrast: Linkers include: although, though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that
- Purpose: Linkers include: so (that)
- Reason: Linker include: because, as, since
- Result: Linkers include: so... that, such... that

Linkers of contrast:

 - Although / though + clause. Although and though have the same meaning, but though is more common in informal English.
- Despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that + clause.
- Despite / in spite of + noun / pronoun or gerund.

Linkers of purpose and reason:

- To / in order (not) to / so as (not) to + infinitive. The all have the same meaning, but you can't use to in the negative. In order (not) to and so as not to are common in more formal English.
- So that / so + clause. These have the same meaning. We often omit the word that in informal or spoken English. We often use these linkers with can / can't / could / will/ won't /wouldn't.
- As / because / since + clause
- Because of + noun / noun phrase.

Linkers of result

- So + adjective + that clause
- So + adverb + that clause
- Such + a (n) + adjective + singular noun + that clause
- Such + adjective + uncountable noun + that clause

Vocabulary

Unit 0:

Might - Podría
Pretty tired - Molt cansat
Although - Aunque
In fact - De fet
Waves - Olas
Rarely- En rara ocasió

However - Sin embargo
Already make - Ja que


Applied for -
Thought -
Lucky - Sort
By the time - Per el moment

Unit 1:

Blank -
Unkind - Cruel
Gained - Adquirida
Ahead - Per devant
Foreign -
Bully -